People stain wood to either enhance the grain of the wood or to change the basic colour of a piece of timber . These are two different basic purposes.
One basic purpose is to enhance the natural wood grain patterns, and the other is to achieve an even colour tone.
This article covers how to stain wood to achieve the desired effect.
Historic staining to achieve an even colour tone
Antique and classic boats, particularly the “runabouts” (motorboats as opposed to sailboats) were traditionally finished with a clear varnish protecting the wood, and the colour of all the wood was intended to be the same. It was simply the agreement of all those who made, sold, bought and used such boats that the standard of beauty was an even colour tone. I could guess that long ago a consistent colour-matching batch of timber might have come from one particular tree, was therefore scarce, therefore admired. It could have been as simple as that: Beauty and scarcity equate to value.
Achieving a uniform colour tone to the highly discriminating eye was still a challenge, as the natural porosity of the tree varied from year-to-year depending on the weather hundreds of years ago, up to present time. This was solved by the invention of filler stains.
Accumulation of more pigment in the more porous regions of wood gives a darker appearance in those areas. Hundreds of years ago woodworkers invented simple ways to give uniform colour to wood. By adding, for example, wood flour or talc (particles that have a nondescript colour similar to wood) to the pigment-binder-solvent mix, a thicker liquid or paste was obtained that plugged up the porosity of the wood. The visual effect thus became a uniform colour tone.
Historic staining to accentuate the grain
Doors and other architectural woodwork are normally not painted because the owner wants to enjoy the natural art of the grain patterns of the wood. We stain wood to emphasize these patterns, and to create stronger and different visual effects than what results from plain wood with some clear finish.
Wood has a varying natural porosity, and wiping on a wood stain will cause more of the pigments of the stain to accumulate in the more porous regions of the wood. In this manner, the wood stain creates contrasting colour patterns.
Varnishing Techniques have changed, so must staining techniques
The invention of Clear Penetrating Epoxy Sealer™ (also known as CPES™, over forty years ago and the need to confront the actual condition of old wood adds several dimensions to what was originally the simple activity of staining and varnishing (and varnishing, and varnishing, and stripping and re-staining and re-varnishing again and again). Now, there is a better way.
Today we have a better understanding of the mechanism of adhesion of stain, varnish or paint to wood, and how coatings fail. The essay Clear Coatings addresses how all clear finishes fail, and the articles How Does Wood Rot and How to Get More Life from Paint on Wood (Both of which will be reprinted here shortly) address how painted coatings (including varnish) fail.
Knowing how things fail, we can design better coating systems.
Clear Penetrating Epoxy Sealer bonds varnish to wood with flexible epoxy glue.
Note: CPES (Clear Penetrating Epoxy Sealer™} and MultiWoodPrime™ are the same product. They are packaged under two different labels for their two different uses, wood restoration and wood-priming, both as an adhesion-promoting primer and porosity-sealing primer. In this application note we will be using CPES™ to represent this product, under either label.
Techniques used to stain wood may be compromised by the timber or object
In old, weathered, slightly deteriorated wood, CPES deeply impregnates the wood, gluing the remaining wood fibres back together. This returns strength and mechanical stability to the wood, and usually accomplishes a sufficient degree of restoration that the wood again becomes serviceable. Thousands of antique and classic runabouts have been restored, preserving much if not all of the original wood.
Restoration and preservation of the wood of such a boat is more important than its colour. This fundamental principle explains why CPES has to go on the wood first, in that application, regardless of the compromise to the finished wood stained effect.
If one put a filler stain on old, slightly deteriorated wood first, little if any of the CPES would get through the filler stain into the wood. Imagine painting on top of paint. You know the topcoat does not soak through. Paint goes on in layers, like onions have layers.
Not much sticks well to old, slightly deteriorated wood. That is why most things applied to old, slightly deteriorated wood fail soon. If we can treat that wood with CPES then we have a new surface to which other things can stick. Even on new wood, everything sticks better when those surface wood fibres are glued into the bulk of the wood. That is what CPES does.
If you put a filler stain on older wood before CPES, that interferes with wood restoration and creates a second liability. Now, the bond between the varnish binder resin of the filler stain and the wood depends on the bond between the filler stain and the old, deteriorated wood surface. You know those old fibres are no longer stuck together all that well. Not only does the filler stain mixture not bond strongly to such old wood, but those few surface fibres to which it does stick are themselves not well-bonded to the bulk of the wood.
We can apply here a second fundamental principle, that a chain is only as strong as its weakest link. CPES glues the surface wood fibres together with the bulk of the wood, as it accomplishes restoration. This gives a surface with integrity, and other coatings or stains may be reliably attached to it.
Mechanical integrity will normally be chosen before finished stained colour tone.
The reason that CPES is applied first to the wood of an antique or classic runabout depends on these two fundamental principles. Now we can address the matter of secondary importance, which is how to apply a stain and varnish topcoat, to end up with a uniform colour appearance. This also leads to an understanding of the proper treatment of new wood, so as to obtain either a varying or a uniform colour tone.
Which Stain for Wood should I buy?
Many different products are sold for wood “staining” applications. Some of these create new liabilities and should be avoided.
Coloured Varnishes sold as Stains
The UK market is heavily populated with coloured varnishes that are labelled as stains. These products of course should be treated as a varnish, and applied after the CPES as you would with any other varnish. Please see our application notes on applying varnish. Giveaways that you are looking at a varnish with ‘Stain’ written on the can are that it is available in 5l cans alongside paints and varnishes in your local hardware merchant. Examples of this type of product include Sikkens or Sadolin Coloured Varnishes.
Latex Wood Stains
Waterborne stains (Latex stains, also known as “water-reducible” or “water-cleanup” stains) should be avoided if you are using CPES, varnish or oil based top coats. These contain binder resins which commonly dissolve in the solvents of varnish or CPES. Brushing moves the pigments around and creates brush-mark patterns of stain pigments, and looks very bad. A general lack of adhesion of one system to another results from unpredictable resin alloy coatings on the wood.
Use Oil-Base stains to stain wood before varnishing
The only kind of stain that should be used under varnish or in conjunction with CPES is the oil-base stain whose binder resins are similar to varnish, namely those derived from linseed oil from the flax plant, or other “drying oils”, primarily from other plants. These products clean up (before cure) with mineral spirits, often referred to as “petroleum distillate”. That should help you to recognize them from reading the label.
Types of oil-based stains
Oil-base stains may be transparent, meaning that they do not entirely hide the wood colour underneath, or filler-stains, which have a higher solids content and tend to be opaque, and thus to give their own colour to the wood rather than allowing a contribution from the wood itself. In a thin enough coat, filler stains will be only partly opaque. Restoration of an antique or classic boat may require only certain colour stains which are only available from the Sandusky Paint Company in certain “original” colours, and may only be available in a filler-stain formulation. I prefer that the transparent stains be used wherever the application allows them, and these are the ordinary oil-base stains available through, for example, most ACE or similar hardware stores. They are “interior” grade, not necessarily light-stable, and require a clear overcoat that contains sufficient ultraviolet Absorbers, and which is applied in a sufficient film thickness, as to protect not only the stain but the wood from the bleaching effect of the ultraviolet component of natural sunlight or fluorescent bulbs [which have about fifteen percent of the ultraviolet content of sunlight].
Dye based wood stains
Another liability of some stains is that they achieve their wood colouring effect by using dyes. “Interior” wood stain manufacturers may do this to reduce costs. A dye, by definition, is something that transmits one colour and absorbs all others. White light (sunlight) contains all colours. Sunlight seen through a green-dyed liquid or green glass would look green. A pigment, by definition, reflects one colour and absorbs all others. A pigment is opaque. Orange paint reflects only the orange component of sunlight and thus looks orange.
Dyes are not light-stable (meaning, they fade with time) and should be avoided, unless one is trying to achieve a specific artistic effect such as is often done on expensive furniture. Dyes are often found in “interior” stains, meaning those promoted for the milder environment inside buildings, rather than for the more harsh environment exterior to buildings, where they may be exposed to natural sunlight and the bleaching effect of its ultraviolet component. Interior stains will fade readily if exposed to the ultraviolet of sunlight. Paint manufacturers also use less expensive pigments in interior stains, and these are another reason they fade. Even interior fluorescent lights cause fading, as they have about fifteen percent of the ultraviolet of natural sunlight. Window-glass removes only a fraction of the ultraviolet of sunlight. The best solution is to use only exterior oil-base stains and a topcoat containing ultraviolet absorbers, and enough of them. This also requires a thick enough topcoat so that enough of the ultraviolet component of sunlight is absorbed so as to give sufficiently long-lasting protection to the wood, The result of all that will give owner satisfaction.
Achieving the chosen effect with stain on your wood
Preparation of wood before staining
Removal of old finishes should only be done by sanding, heat-gun, or using the solvent MEK (Methyl Ethyl Ketone) in accordance with the application-note Stripping Paint. Some chemical paint strippers leave harmful residues on the wood, which destroy adhesion of fresh coatings.
Stain Wood to achieve an even colour tone: Old wood such as an antique or classic boat
- Sand to clean sound wood.
- CPES to seal wood porosity. You should be able to sand within 24 hours, even though it won’t be fully cured.
- Sand with 80 grit, or 100, or 120, etc., depending on how much you want to darken the wood. Coarser grit will hold more stain and thus give the wood a darker tone. Finer grit will hold less stain and thus not darken the wood so much. Sand parallel to the grain, only enough to remove the surface resin film of CPES and expose wood surface fibres.
- Stain: Brush filler-stain on wood parallel to the grain and wipe off with cheesecloth perpendicular to the grain.
- Allow the stain to fully cure so it is resistant to the solvents of the CPES. This typically takes four days.
- CPES
- Topcoat
Stain wood to achieve an even colour tone: New, sound wood
- Sand to clean sound wood.
- CPES to seal wood porosity. You should be able to sand within 24 hours, even though it won’t be fully cured.
- Sand with 80 grit, or 100, or 120, etc., depending on how much you want to darken the wood. Coarser grit will hold more stain and thus give the wood a darker tone. Finer grit will hold less stain and thus not darken the wood so much. Sand parallel to the grain, only enough to remove the surface resin film of CPES and expose wood surface fibres.
- Stain: Brush filler-stain on wood parallel to the grain and wipe off with cheesecloth perpendicular to the grain.
- Allow the stain to fully cure so it is resistant to the solvents of the CPES. This typically takes four days.
- CPES
- Topcoat
Stain wood to accentuate the grain: New sound wood such as a front door
- Sand as you wish, to expose the natural wood porosity. You should experiment on a scrap of wood or a non-visible area, so you know what to expect.
- A more smooth final sanding, with a finer grit, such as 220, and then vacuum [or blowing off with compressed air] to remove the sanding debris, will leave a smooth surface to which little stain will adhere. In the more porous areas more stain will accumulate.
- Apply a transparent oil-base stain. The pigment accumulates in more porous areas, emphasising porosity by colour. It does not seal wood porosity. This allows better impregnation of wood. Brush on and wipe off, and see how it accumulates more in the more porous areas of the wood, emphasising the grain patterns.
- Allow the stain to fully cure so it is resistant to the solvents of the CPES. This typically takes four days.
- CPES
- Topcoat
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